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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/div>\n<div>\u0628) \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a.<\/div>\n<div>\u062c) \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648(23).<\/div>\n<div>\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0651\u00a0 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 &#8220;\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645&#8221;. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0641\u0639 &#8220;\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u00a0 &#8220;\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0631&#8221;(24).<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0648 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644:<\/div>\n<div>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (the empirical work) \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0629 (trade-offs) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u00a0 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/div>\n<div>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 (cross-sectional designs). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 (comparative analysis)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u00a0 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636 &#8220;\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0646&#8221; \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0625\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (longitudinal Designs).<\/div>\n<div>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/div>\n<div>(Economic Inputs) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0651\u0628 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Negative Externalities). \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u00a0 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629(25).<\/div>\n<div>\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629(26). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629\u00a0 (Cross Section Analyses) \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u061b \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 (Single Equations) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 (Simultaneous Equations)\u061b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633.<\/div>\n<div>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f 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\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/div>\n<div>(4) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b(29).<\/div>\n<div>\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 (Opportunity Cost) \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0628\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629&#8221; \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Actual) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0633\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 (Optimal) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639(30).<\/div>\n<div>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0646 (Deger &amp; Sen) \u0641\u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b (1983)\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629(31).<\/div>\n<div>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644 (Ball, Nicole)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0635\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a(32).<\/div>\n<div>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c\u00a0 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 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\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 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\u0628\u0644\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629: 21 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648 13 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u064811 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u06489 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 1965- 1973\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 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\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a (Jeording) \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 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\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a(45).<\/div>\n<div>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u062c\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f (Jeffrey &amp; Edward)\u060c\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2008 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c 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